Abstract

Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) is a significant contributor to local economies in developing regions, including the Biharamulo Forest Reserve (BFR) in Tanzania, but is often linked to environmental degradation, particularly deforestation. This study investigates the drivers of deforestation associated with ASM practices in the BFR using a mixed-methods approach. A structured survey was conducted with 116 respondents from the ASM communities of Matwiga and Nyantimba, employing statistical analyses such as frequency distribution, Pearson Chi-Square tests, and ordered logistic regression. Findings indicate that socio-economic factors positively influence deforestation (p = 0.006), while awareness of environmental regulations and community involvement correlate with lower deforestation rates (p = 0.001). Open-pit mining techniques were identified as a significant contributor to deforestation (p = 0.039). Limited enforcement of environmental regulations exacerbates the issue. The study highlights the urgent need for economic diversification in ASM communities to alleviate pressures driving deforestation. Recommendations include promoting alternative livelihoods such as agroforestry and ecotourism, enhancing environmental regulations, and engaging local communities in conservation efforts. The conclusions emphasize the necessity of balancing the economic benefits of ASM with environmental sustainability.

Key Words: Deforestation, Drivers, Environmental degradation, Economic diversification, Environmental regulations, Resource management